Water is a vital commodity for human existence. Despite covering about 71% of the earth, not all available water is fit for human consumption, agriculture of even to be used in industries. This poses the questions to engineers; how much water is needed? How much water is available? Who may use the available water?

Climate change has resulted in decreased levels of surface water while rural-urban migration has led to a continuous increase in water demand in Nairobi County, due to the increase in population, especially within the Karen-Langata area. As a result of the surface water struggling to fully meet the demands of the growing population, a number of residential settlements (mostly private) in the area have adapted the use of groundwater for domestic use via borehole and wells.

The construction of highways has been on upward trend in Kenya over the past century, especially in major towns and cities. Highways are an expensive part of transportation facilities, as their construction and maintenance require huge amounts of materials globally. The increased demand for construction materials has raised concerns about the availability of natural aggregates and source of new aggregates. Historically, the most common method of handling the waste materials has been through disposal in dedicated landfills.