The negative effects of climate change are becoming more and more of a threat to urban areas
globally. Changing precipitation patterns, an increase in the frequency of extreme weather
events, and rising temperatures are making it difficult to maintain current stormwater
management systems.
This project aims to address the critical need for a thorough understanding of the impact of
climate change on urban stormwater management and the development of adaptive strategies
to enhance resilience.

Asphalt concrete stands as the predominant construction material used throughout Kenya for
pavement surfacing. However, conventional asphalt concrete exhibits multiple constraints such
as:
1. Susceptibility to Environmental Strains: Environmental factors like UV radiation,
water penetration, and temperature variations can degrade the asphalt concrete over
time. This leads to a loss of binding agents, increased brittleness, and ultimately,
structural failure.
2. Rutting and Deformation: Heavy traffic loads can cause rutting, deformation, and

In the design of reinforced concrete structures, the structural engineer must guarantee a
safe structure. Safety as a requirement dictates that a structure should not cause any harm or loss
of life throughout its construction and operation. The safety of all infrastructure is first conceived
in the design stage where potential hazards are identified corresponding to the building’s various
structural systems and behaviours (Arya, 2022). These potential hazards, presumed to lead to the