Water pollution is a rampant problem in most of the developing countries and Kenya is
not an exception. With Kenya also being described as a water scarce country with a projection of
below 400 m3/year per capita which is well below the globally accepted value of 1000m3/year per
capita, there is need for immediate attention to water conservation both in terms of quantity and
quality.
Kiambu county is mostly agricultural with many farms across the county. There are many

Kenya’s construction industry has been rapidly growing from 2016 to 2019 (Masyuko & Kaaria,
2020); however, collapses of buildings and other infrastructure happen relatively often due to the
use of substandard materials and errors in structural design. The Kenyan construction industry is
suffused with counterfeit construction materials (CCE News Team, 2022). Consequentially, these
materials are weak and incapable of supporting civil buildings and structures. Sometimes a

The construction industry is at the heart of a rising nation with a burgeoning economy such as
Kenya. However, due to the increasing depletion of natural construction materials, the construction
sectors are faced with a crisis over their simple availability. Concurrently, there is increased
availability of C&D wastes due to the construction boom within this and any developing country.
Typical components of C&D waste – including concrete, drywall, bricks, wood, plastic, glass