Asphalt concrete stands as the predominant construction material used throughout Kenya for
pavement surfacing. However, conventional asphalt concrete exhibits multiple constraints such
as:
1. Susceptibility to Environmental Strains: Environmental factors like UV radiation,
water penetration, and temperature variations can degrade the asphalt concrete over
time. This leads to a loss of binding agents, increased brittleness, and ultimately,
structural failure.
2. Rutting and Deformation: Heavy traffic loads can cause rutting, deformation, and

In the design of reinforced concrete structures, the structural engineer must guarantee a
safe structure. Safety as a requirement dictates that a structure should not cause any harm or loss
of life throughout its construction and operation. The safety of all infrastructure is first conceived
in the design stage where potential hazards are identified corresponding to the building’s various
structural systems and behaviours (Arya, 2022). These potential hazards, presumed to lead to the

Clay subgrades, a common foundation material in highway construction, are susceptible to
strength loss and instability due to factors like moisture fluctuations and traffic loads.
Traditional stabilizing agents like lime and cement, while effective, have a significant
environmental impact due to their production processes.
This project aims to address the challenge of balancing effective subgrade stabilization with
environmental sustainability. While traditional methods offer strength improvement, they come