This study focuses on the specific sub-location of Siany in Kisumu County ensuring a comprehensive examination of a representative sample of households for accurate generalization of findings. To assess the water security of the area, the study is conducted in the dry season as the worst-case scenario. The study concentrates on communal water points and individual household water sources excluding water supply in institutions. Water quality tests will be conducted solely at the point of collection for communal water sources.

The construction industry is a major part of Kenya’s economy. Nairobi, being the capital city, is experiencing rapid growth and development, leading to an increase in construction projects. However, ensuring effective construction management and safety practices remains a significant challenge.

Recent studies have shown that the rise in population and industrialization of urban centres leads
to an increase in sewage disposal. Lack of proper waste management presents the likelihood of
environmental and health hazards such as open sewer lines, especially in low-income areas.
Therefore, there is a need to provide methods of wastewater treatment whether on-site or by
conveyance to treatment sites. Due to the likelihood of overloading wastewater treatment plants, it